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Epidemiological Alerts Archives, 2003–2008
(Note: Series renamed, formerly EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas.)
The purpose of these alerts is to disseminate information on the latest public-health events that have been identified as risks to health, trade, and/or international travel. Most of these events are primarily due to infectious agents, while others are due to chemical or physical agents. The PAHO Epidemiological Alerts published at the regional level (for the Americas) complement the WHO Disease Outbreak News published at the global level. The latest issues can be found at the new site, 2009 onwards.
eid-eer-ew.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 6, No. 3 (6 February 2009)
This issue provides an update of the dengue situation in Bolivia, current actions being taken in surveillance, response, and disease and vector contro; and PAHO's role in providing support for these activities.
eid-eer-2009-02-06.pdf
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 6, No. 4 (10 February 2009)
This update report focuses on the yellow fever situation in South America and the Caribbean and on current measures being taken for surveillance, response, and disease and vector control, as well as vaccination for people at risk.
eid-eer-2009-02-10.pdf
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 6, No. 2 (30 January 2009)
This update focuses on the current situation of yellow fever in the South American and Caribbean countries and on measures being taken in the areas of surveillance, response, disease and vector control, and vaccination for persons at risk.
eid-eer-2009-01-30.pdf
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 6, No. 1 (25 January 2009)
This issue is an epidemiological alert on the increase in circulation of the jungle yellow fever virus in South America and the Caribbean, with information on actions taken in the areas of surveillance, response, and disease and vector control as well as vaccination of groups at risk.
eid-eer-2009-01-25.pdf
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Sterilization Manual for Health Centers
The purpose of this manual is to inform health workers on the protocols and simple procedures that have been developed to prevent healthcare-associated infections. The guidelines included in this handbook show which steps to follow in cleaning, preparing, sterilizing, storing, and transporting hospital equipment so as to guarantee sterile materials--awareness of which is crucial in providing patients with safe health care. This page provides a summary and access to the full text in Spanish.
amr-manual-esterilizacion.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 5, No. 13 (4 December 2008)
This issue reports on a case of febrile hemorrhagic syndrome in Brazil.
eid-eer-2008-12-04.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 5, No. 12 (13 November 2008)
This issue covers the epizootic among monkeys in southeastern Brazil and northwestern Argentina, along with the measures being taken and recommendations made.
eid-eer-2008-11-13.htm
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Infection Control Strategies for Specific Procedures in Health-Care Facilities: Epidemic-prone and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases, A Quick Reference Guide
This document is addressed to infection control professionals, occupational health specialists and other professionals involved in patient care in health-care facilities. It is designed to provide quick reference guidance on infection prevention and control to help prevent the transmission of acute infectious respiratory diseases during health care.
epi-pan-prone-ards-inf-ctl-quick-guide.pdf
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CD48/20 Violence and Injury Prevention
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International Health Regulations (IHR)
The International Health Regulations are an international legal instrument that covers measures for preventing the transnational spread of infectious diseases. The newly adopted IHR (2005) has as purpose and scope “to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade”. This page provides a detailed description and information on progress of its implementation, plus relevant links.
eer-ihrs.htm
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Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control at PAHO
This page describes the PAHO Technical Area for Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control(HSD), its mission and objectives, what it does in terms of projects and activities. It contains links to the four technical groups and the Pan American Center under its umbrella. Note: Prior to June 2006, the Area was named Disease Prevention and Control.
dpc-page.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 5, No. 11 (31 March 2008)
This issue provides updated information on yellow fever cases in Argentina and ongoing immunization and vector control activities.
eid-eer-2008-03-31.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 5, No. 8 (21 March 2008)
This issue reports on how the Ministry of Health has created a crisis office to deal with the escalation in the number of dengue cases in Rio de Janeiro.
eid-eer-2008-03-21.htm
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CSP27.R10: Regional Policy and Strategy for Ensuring Quality of Health Care, Including Patient Safety
This resolution from the 27th Pan American Sanitary Conference in 2007 sets forth the PAHO mandate for providing effective, safe, efficient, accessible,
appropriate, and satisfactory care for users, recognizing that policies are needed in the health sector that will impact the health care continuum, foster citizen involvement, and promote a culture of quality and safety in health care institution.
CSP27.R10
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Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in Non-Endemic Countries: The Role of International Migration
At one time, Chagas disease was restricted to the endemic countries of the Americas; but this is no longer the case. This article by retired PAHO Advisor Gabriel Schmunis focuses on the recent spread of Chagas disease as a result of migration. The article appears in a special supplement dedicated to Chagas disease and published in the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.
Schmunis
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CSP27/11- International Health Security Roundtable
Item 4.7 on the Agenda of the 27th Pan American Sanitary Conference, Washington D.C., 1-5 October 2007.
csp27-11-e.pdf
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Number of Cholera Cases in the Americas (1990–2006)
This Excel PDF table shows the number of reported cases of cholera in the Region and in the countries from 1990 to 2006.
cholera-1990-2006.pdf
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Epidemic-prone & pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases: Infection prevention & control in health-care facilities, Summary guidance
This 44-page handbook provides advice for health-care workers on infection control of acute respiratory diseases (ARDs): reporting and isolating suspected cases; applying standard precautions, standard and droplet precautions, contact and droplet precautions, airborne precautions, and ventilating with regard to influenza-like illness (ILI) and viral, bacterial, and novel ARDs (e.g. SARS).
epi-pan-prone-ards.pdf
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Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic- and Pandemic-Prone Acute Respiratory Diseases in Health Care: WHO Interim Guidelines
The purpose of this document is to provide infection control guidance to help prevent the transmission of acute infectious respiratory diseases during health care, with emphasis on acute respiratory diseases that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern as defined in the International Health Regulations (2005; Annex 1). Managers of health-care facilities may also consider using this guidance to assist them in preparation for epidemics and pandemics. It is intended for use by government planners, healthcare facility administrators, infection control professionals, occupational health specialists, other professionals involved in patient care, and direct care providers.
WHO
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PAHO Regional Program on Epidemic Alert and Response: Working to Deal with Outbreaks in the Americas
This page describes the mission and areas of work of the PAHO Regional Program on Epidemic Alert and Response, mainly responsible for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, disease outbreak management, implementation of the revised International Health Regulations (IHR [2005]), assessment of national surveillance capacity, and related issues.
ear-program-page.htm
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The PAHO Regional Program on Viral Diseases
This page describes the mission and areas of work of the PAHO Regional Program on Viral Diseases and its activities to support the Member States in their fight against emerging viral infections of epidemic character.
vir-program-page.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 8 (16 April 2007)
This issue provides details on how the dengue outbreak in Paraguay is continuing to subside.
eid-eer-2007-04-16.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 7 (15 March 2007)
This issue follows up on the dengue epidemic in Paraguay and on measures taken to contain it. It shows three graphs and a data table and provides information on ongoing technical cooperation activities by PAHO and by the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean to contain this outbreak.
eid-eer-2007-03-15.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 6 (9 March 2007)
This number provides follow-up on the dengue outbreak in Brazil, which continues to be concentrated in the midwestern region in Mato Grosso do Sul state, with a predominance of DEN-3. Data is provided by region and state.
eid-eer-2007-03-09.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 5 (7 March 2007)
This issue focuses on the dengue outbreak in Bolivia, where the majority of cases are being reported from the vicinity of the tropical city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It includes a statistical graph on dengue incidence from 2006 to 2007.
eid-eer-2007-03-07.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 4 (12 February 2007)
This issue focus on dengue activity in Brasil, with an overview of the national situation and special focus on the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, which has experienced a notable increase. It also contains a graph on activity in the states from 2006 to 2007 and a map showing the various states and regions of the country.
eid-eer-2007-02-12.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 3 (9 February 2007)
This issue follows up on the dengue outbreak in Paraguay, which is nine-tenths concentrated in the capital city of Asunción and one-tenth in the rest of the country. It contains a graph with statistics and two maps showing case distribution in the country and in the capital.
eid-eer-2007-02-09.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 2 (8 February 2007)
This issue focuses on the dengue outbreak in the department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It includes a statistical graph on dengue incidence from 2005 to 2006.
eid-eer-2007-02-08.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 4, No. 1 (29 January 2007)
This issue focuses on the dengue outbreak in Paraguay: prevention and control measures, vector control, mass communication, Dengue Day, and external technical cooperation.
eid-eer-2007-01-29.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 3, No. 2 (31 October 2006)
This issue provides an update on the recent outbreak of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in El Salvador.
eid-eer-2006-oct-31.htm
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Foodborne Diseases, Emerging (WHO Fact Sheet No. 124)
This official WHO fact sheet offers basic information on emerging foodborne diseases (FBDs). Some foodborne diseases are well recognized but are considered emerging because they have recently become more common, e.g. Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Listeria monocytogenes, trematodes, 'mad cow disease'. New foodborne disease threats occur for a number of reasons. Causes include increase in international travel and trade, microbial adaptation and changes in the food production system, as well as human demographics and behaviour.
WHO
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Drug-Resistant Salmonella (WHO Fact Sheet No. 139)
This official WHO fact sheet provides basic information on Salmonellosis, one of the most common and widely distributed foodborne diseases. It constitutes a major public health burden and represents a significant cost in many countries. Millions of human cases are reported worldwide every year and the disease results in thousands of deaths. Salmonellosis is caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Today, there are over 2500 known types, or serotypes, of Salmonella.
Recent studies provide increasing evidence of adverse human health consequences due to the occurrence of resistant microorganisms. These consequences can be divided into two categories: (1) infections that would otherwise not have occurred; and (2) increased frequency of treatment failures and increased severity of infections.
WHO
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 3, No. 1—24 October 2006
This issue covers the recent outbreak of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Cuba.
eid-eer-2006-oct-24.htm
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Antimicrobial Resistance (WHO Fact Sheet No. 194)
This official WHO fact sheet offers basic information on anticrobial resistance (resistance to antibiotics). The great gains in health achieved by the development of antibiotics are now seriously jeopardized by another recent development: the emergence and spread of microbes that are resistant to cheap and effective first-choice, or "first-line" drugs. The bacterial infections which contribute most to human disease are also those in which emerging and microbial resistance is most evident: diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, sexually transmitted infections, and hospital-acquired infections.
WHO
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Campylobacter (WHO Fact Sheet No. 255)
This official WHO fact sheet provides basic information on Campylobacter, bacteria that are a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and are generally regarded as the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. In developed and developing countries, they cause more cases of diarrhoea than, for example, foodborne Salmonella bacteria. In developing countries, Campylobacter infections in children under the age of two years are especially frequent, sometimes resulting in death. In almost all developed countries, the incidence of human campylobacter infections has been steadily increasing for several years. The reasons for this are unknown.
WHO
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Cholera (WHO Fact Sheet No. 107)
This official WHO fact sheet provides basic information on cholera, an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes a copious, painless, watery diarrhea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. However, most persons infected with V. cholerae do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their faeces for 7-14 days. When illness does occur, more than 90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhea. Less than 10% of ill persons develop typical cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration.
WHO
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Use of antimicrobials outside human medicine and resultant antimicrobial resistance in humans (WHO Fact Sheet No. 268)
This official WHO fact sheet provides basic information on how antimicrobials have also been used increasingly for the treatment of bacterial disease in animals, fish and plants. In addition, they became an important element of intense animal husbandry because of their observed growth-enhancing effect, when added in sub-therapeutic doses to animal feed. Some of the newly-emerging resistant bacteria in animals are transmitted to humans; mainly via meat and other food of animal origin or through direct contact with farm animals.
WHO
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Dengue
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on dengue, organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar with links, frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
dengue.htm
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Communicable Disease Prevention and Control at PAHO: Aims, Strategies and Lines of Action
This page summarizes the mission, objectives, strategies and lines of action of the PAHO Communicable Disease Unit and describes what it hopes to accomplish through technical cooperation.
cd-unit-page.htm
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Veterinary Public Health at PAHO
This page provides general information on PAHO's activities in the area of veterinary public health and its strategies to face current issues and challenges involving zoonoses, foodborne diseases and food safety. It also provides information and links for the Veterinary Public Health Unit, newly relocated to its regional center in Brazil, and to international partners.
vp-unit-page.htm
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Investing in Global Health: 'Best Buys' and Priorities for Action in Developing Countries
These three new volumes from the World Bank Disease Control Priorities Project--Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd ed.), Priorities in Health, and Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors--are part of an ongoing initiative to provide technical resources to improve the health systems, and ultimately the health of people, in developing countries.
DCP Site
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Priorities in Health
Two overarching themes emerge from the extensive research and analyses in this World Bank publication: (1) Current resources can yield substantial health gains if knowledge of cost-effective interventions were applied more fully. (2) Additional resources are needed in low-income countries to minimize the glaring inequities in health care. Increased resources would provide highly-effective interventions, expand research, and extend basic health coverage to more people. WHO contributed to this publication.
DCPP
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Travelers' Health
This information published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States (CDC, a PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center), helps orient travelers on anything they should know and precautions they should take when travelling to a given country.
CDC
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International Travel and Health
This page links to WHO information related to international travel, helping to orient travellers as to the situation regarding disease prevalence or outbreaks in a given country and what precautions they should take. It provides an index by country, related links, and information on relevant publications.
WHO
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West Nile Virus Activity in Latin America and the Caribbean
This article summarized current knowledge on the transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) in tropical zones of the Americas. It was published in the Pan American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 19 (2), March 15, 2006, pp. 112-117. This link offers the full text in English and the abstract in Spanish.
Pan American Journal of Public Health
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Vth Meeting of the Surveillance Network for Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Amazon Countries
This yearly meeting was sponsored by PAHO and three US government agencies:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Agency for International Development (USAID). This page offers a summary on compliance with the past year's recommendations and the recommendations made at the meeting, as well as access to the final report in Spanish.
eer-red-amazonica-05.htm
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CE137/4-Implications for the Implementation of the International Health Regulations (IHR-2005) in the Region of the Americas
Item 5.1 on the Agenda for the 137th Session of the Executive Committee, Washington, 30 September 2005.
ce137-04-e.pdf
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TB Strategies to Meet the Millennium Development Goals: Regional Meeting of Heads of National TB Programs (NTPs) (Mexico City, 7–9 September 2004)
The final report (in Spanish) has just been published for this biannual meeting, the objectives of which were to become acquainted with the epidemiological and operational situation of TB of each country; evaluate progress made in applying the DOTS Strategy and in meeting the 2005 goals; become acquainted with the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT), the action plan, and the extent of DOTS application in those countries that will not achieve total coverage by 2005; to evaluate compliance with agreements and recommendations made at the last meeting in Cuba in 2002; and review and discuss the Regional Action Plan.
tb-pnts-2004.htm
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VIth Meeting of the Southern Cone Surveillance Network for Emerging Infectious Diseases (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 4–5 March 2005)
This yearly meeting was sponsored by PAHO and three US government agencies:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Agency for International Development (USAID). This page offers a summary on compliance with the past year's recommendations and the recommendations made at the meeting, as well as access to the final report in Spanish.
eer-red-cono-sur-vi.htm
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Workshop: Capacity-Building for Tuberculosis Control, with Specific Focus on TB/HIV Control
Purpose: To build country capacity for tuberculosis control in the CAREC Member Countries (CMCs), taking into account that HIV epidemic represents the main threat for TB control. Objectives: Strengthen the National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) through the upgrading of knowledge and skills of managers and coordinators in all aspects of prevention and control of tuberculosis, including programme management, DOTS, surveillance, case detection, diagnosis, care and treatment and program operations; and improve the performance of National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) and National AIDS Programs (NAPs) regarding the control of the TB/HIV epidemic. This page offers access to the complete workshop CD.
tb-hiv-workshop-jam.htm
CD
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9th International Course on Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Havana,
Each year PAHO is involved, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health of Cuba and the IPK (and this year with TDR), in the organization and promotion of the international course on dengue. The main goal of the course is to provide a forum for discussion through theoretical and practical sessions in which the participants will have the opportunity of attending lectures by prestigious international institutions specialized in the field of Virology, Epidemiology, Vector Control, Immunology, Sociology and Medical Care with particular experience on Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. In addition, participants will review the most relevant and up-to-date facts on this disease. The multidisciplinary approach of this course makes it the most complete training program on Dengue offered worldwide.
IPK
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Malaria
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on malaria. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
malaria.htm
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Interim Policy on Collaborative TB/HIV Activities
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic presents a massive challenge to the control of tuberculosis (TB) at all levels. Tuberculosis is also one of the most common causes of morbidity and one of the leading causes of mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). This document will assist policy-makers to understand what should be done to decrease the joint burden of tuberculosis and HIV. This page offers a summary and access to the full text on the WHO site and other useful links.
tb-hiv-policy.htm
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PAHO-CDC Generic Proposal for Influenza Surveillance
Given the need to expand influenza surveillance, PAHO--in collaboration with CDC-- developed a new Generic Protocol for Influenza Surveillance (GPIS). The GPIS seeks to harmonize influenza surveillance throughout the Region and ensure that any single case of influenza caused by a new viral subtype be detected, as required by the IHR 2005.
flu-snl-gpis.htm
flu-snl-gpis.pdf
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IInd International Workshop on TB Control in Prisons (Lima, Peru, 18–20 August 2004)
This second workshop is aimed at national TB program and prison-system directors. Objectives are to present, analyze and discuss recent epidemiological data on TB in prisons in the Region; assess the progress made by National TB Programs (NTPs) and prison health authorities towards the action plans for TB control in prisons (developed at the first workshop); and
strengthen collaboration between NTPs and prison authorities in the Region. Presentations, key documents, and Action Plan (in Spanish and Portuguese), as well as conclusions and agreements, now online via this page.
tb-prisons-2004.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 26—6 October 2004
This issue covers the following recent events: Epidemiological Situation of Hantavirus in Brazil; Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF) in the State of Monagas, Venezuela; New Draft of the International Health Regulations (IHRs) Now Available.
eid-eer-2004-oct-06.htm
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CD45.R8: Disaster Preparedness and Response
This report from the PAHO Directing Council lays forth the Organization's mandate for emergency and disaster preparedness and response in hospitals, clinics, and primary-care facilities in the Americas.
CD45.R8
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Regional Interprogrammatic Meeting on TB/HIV (Mexico City, 9–10 September 2004)
The overall objective of this second regional meeting is to speed up effective joint response in the Americas on the part of TB and HIV/AIDS programs to the epidemic of tuberculosis associated with HIV. Specifically, it will follow up on concerted action plans from last year's workshop, discuss operational terms for the surveillance of HIV prevalence among TB patients, implement the Building Blocks strategy for comprehensive care, and introduce clinical management protocols for co-infection.
tb-hiv-2004.htm
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Related Sites: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)
This site offers the user links to a variety of organizations and institutions with which PAHO collaborates in the area of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. There are also links to other useful information resources for epidemiologists. In addition, there is a link to a similar page with access to the weekly epidemiological reports in most countries in the Region and to some regional and subregional sites as well.
eer-related-sites.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 25—18 August 2004
This issue covers the following: Hantavirus in Uruguay, Department of Rocha, near the Brazilian Border; Avian Influenza: Situation in Viet Nam; Updated List of Weekly Epidemiological Reports for the Americas; Updated List of EID Related Sites.
eid-eer-2004-aug-18.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 24—12 August 2004
This issue focuses on the recent outbreaks of cholera in Colombia and of hantavirus in Central Brazil, in the Federal District and in Goiás State.
eid-eer-2004-aug-12.htm
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Regional Meeting on Tuberculosis (Mexico City, 6–10 September 2004)
This week-long meeting, supported by PAHO's Country Office in Mexico City and from USAID, contains three different sessions on TB laboratory networks, National TB Programs (NTPs), and collaborative programs to provide comprehensive care for people living with TB/HIV co-infection. This page connects the user to each of the meetings.
tb-3mtgs-2004.htm
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EID Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 23—5 August 2004
This issue offers the most recent information on the outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in Puerto Rico and of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of community origin in Uruguay.
eid-eer-2004-aug-05.htm
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TB/HIV: A Clinical Manual
Recognition of the impact of HIV on the clinical management of TB prompted WHO to publish the first edition of this manual in 1996. In response to popular demand, the manual was adapted for different regions and translated into many languages.The total number of copies distributed has run to well over 100,000. Recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the first edition and developments in the TB/HIV field have now prompted a second edition, with special focus on treating children.
tb-clinical-manual-who.htm
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Guidelines for HIV Surveillance among Tuberculosis Patients (2nd ed.)
The main objective of these guidelines is to provide a framework for the methods to be used for measuring HIV prevalence among tuberculosis patients and to encourage implementation of HIV surveillance. The guidelines are aimed at managers of national tuberculosis programs (NTPs) and national AIDS programs (NAPs), those responsible for HIV surveillance, and public-health decision-makers at national and subnational level. This page offers a summary, lists the recommendations, and links to the e-book on the WHO website.
tb-hiv-surv-who.htm
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Report of a Lessons Learnt Workshop on the Six ProTEST Pilot Projects in Malawi, South Africa and Zambia (Durban, South Africa, 3–6 February 2003)
The ProTEST initiative was established in 1997 by WHO to develop a more coherent response to tuberculosis (TB) in settings with high HIV prevalence through collaboration between TB and HIV/AIDS control programs. HIV counseling and testing services were developed as the entry point to a package of prevention, care and support services. Six model ProTEST projects were established in three countries with a high burden of HIV-related TB; project results were reviewed during this workshop. This page offers the executive summary with results and conclusions and provides access to the full text on the WHO site.
tb-hiv-safrica-ProTest.htm
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Photo Gallery: Typhoid Epidemic in Ca Pierre, Haiti
This page summarizes the typhoid epidemic in Haiti in June 2004 and provides six photographs showing the cause and effects.
eer-hai-typhoide-2004-photos.htm
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Tuberculosis: A Manual for Medical Students
This manual aims to inform medical students and medical practitioners about the best practices for managing tuberculosis patients, taking into account the
community interventions defined by the National Tuberculosis Program. It contains basic information that can be used in training medical students; in supervised group work, presentations and discussions; in refresher courses for practicing physicians and for their personal study. PAHO is in the process of translating this manual into Spanish to appear presently via the PAHO website.
WHO: IHR FAQs
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 20—15 June 2004
This issue contains the latest news on the yellow fever epizootic confirmed in the state of Monagas, Venezuela, and on the CDC Webcast on Laboratory Biosafety (BSL-3) scheduled for 17 June.
eid-eer-15-jun-2004.htm
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Regional Meeting of the Tuberculosis Laboratory Network (Mexico City, 6–8 September 2004)
The PAHO TB Program has just published (in Spanish) the final report for this meeting, the objectives of which were (1) to analyze and discuss aspects related to the areas of quality control, National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) using current and new techniques, and TB Laboratory Networks managing information;
(2) become acquainted with the experiences of selected countries that have successfully dealt with these areas; (3) get to know the work of the laboratories currently carrying out reference functions in the Region; (4) distribute and discuss regional proposals; and (5) promote collaboration and communication networks among those in charge of TB Laboratories and the Heads of National TB Programs.
tb-labs-2004.htm
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Final Report of the International Workshop on Tuberculosis Control in Prisons (San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 11–13 August, 2003)
Prisons represent a challenge for tuberculosis control authorities. They promote the transmission of the disease by sheltering a vulnerable population that often lacks access to timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Prisons have therefore been labeled as TB breeding grounds. This page offers a summary of the report of the August 2003 meeting on TB in prisons and access to the 25-page final report in PDF (with tables, figures and photographs) and a list of useful links.
tb-prisons-hon-2003-rpt.htm
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Campylobacter
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on Campylobacter, a bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
campylobacter.htm
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Yellow Fever: Map Depicting Cases in Proportion to Deaths (South America, 1999–2004)
This map quantitatively depicts cases of yellow fever in proportion to deaths from it, using pie charts per affected area of South America, from 1999 to 2004.
yf-fa-map.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 19—27 May 2004
This issue provides updated information on the unusual Increase in the number of persons infected with hantavirus in the department of Boquerón, Paraguayan Chaco region.
eid-eer-27-may-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 18—7 May 2004
This issue provides updated information on influenza activity in Chile and on Avian Influenza A (H10N7) among humans in Egypt.
eid-eer-07-may-2004.htm
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Interagency Commission to Stop TB: Vth Meeting for the Americas (Stop TB) (Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 3–5 May 2004)
This fifth meeting will follow up on efforts to date to apply the global WHO DOTS/TAES strategy to stop TB in the Region, as well as projects from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM).
stop-tb-v-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 17—29 April 2004
This issue offers updated information on the outbreak of SARS in China and on an outbreak of acute diarrea in the town of Rojas, Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
eid-eer-29-apr-2004.htm
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Emerging/Reemerging Diseases
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on emerging and reemerging diseases (emerging infectious diseases/EID, including epidemic alert and response). The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General. Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a customized sidebar with links to network and related information and key items.
eid-eer.htm
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Surveillance Networks for Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) in Latin America and the Caribbean
PAHO is involved in three subregional networks for EID surveillance in LAC, for the Amazon Region, Central America and the Southern Cone. This page lists the overall goals common to all three networks as well as providing a maps howing geographical distribution, a description of the activities of each one, and access to their respectiva documentation.
networks.htm
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Number of Cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) (Region of the Americas, 1993–2004)
This PowerPoint slide contains a map of the Americas showing the cumulative number of cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome from 1993 to 2004, with geographical distribution by country.
PowerPoint
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Number of Cases and Deaths from Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) (Region of the Americas, 1993–2003)
This data table shows the number of cases and deaths from hantavirus in the Region, by country, from 1993 to 2004.
hantavirus-1993-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 16—22 April 2004
This issue is dedicated to a report on an outbreak of acute diarrheal syndrome and two identified cases of cholera in the municipality of São Bento do Una, Pernambuco State, Brazil; and to a follow-up on the recent outbreak of bat-transmitted human rabies in Pará State, Brazil.
eid-eer-22-apr-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 15—15 April 2004
This issue is dedicated to a follow-up on the recent outbreak of bat-transmitted human rabies in Pará State, Brazil, and to an updated list of electronic information sources (e.g. epidemiological bulletins) on the occurrence and distribution of communicable diseases in the countries of the Americas.
eid-eer-15-apr-2004.htm
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Rabies
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on rabies, a zoonotic disease fatal to humans. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
rabia.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 14—8 April 2004
This issue provides information on two events: a workshop in Lima, Peru, on the Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Influenza in the Andean Subregion; and the I International Course on Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and Hantavirus at the INVEH in Pergamino, Argentina.
eid-eer-08-apr-2004.htm
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Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings
The CDC's Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance aims to prevent antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings. The campaign centers on four main strategies: prevent infection, diagnose and treat infection, use antimicrobials wisely, and prevent transmission. Within the context of these strategies, multiple 12-step programs are being developed targeting clinicians who treat specialty-specific patient populations including hospitalized adults, dialysis patients, surgical patients, hospitalized children, and long-term care patients. Educational tools and materials are being developed for each patient population. (63 slides with comprehensive notes attached to each)
CDC
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Epidemiological Status of TB (Region of the Americas, 2004)
This presentation of 19 slides—including tables, figures, and maps—illustrates and summarizes the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the Region up to 2004. It includes data on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), TB/HIV, the extension of the DOTS/TAES strategy up to now as well as its achievements and challenges.
PowerPoint
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 12—25 March 2004
This issue offers an update on avian influenza in Asia, Canada, and the USA, as well as a summary of the III Joint Meeting of Regional EID Surveillance Networks.
eid-eer-25-mar-2004.htm
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Words from Dr. Mirta Roses, Director of PAHO, on World TB Day 2004
This brief speech (that can be heard on the video produced for the occasion) summarizes the situation that the Region faces in its fight against tuberculosis.
tb2004-Director.htm
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”Every breath counts. Stop tuberculosis now!” World TB Day 2004
This page explains the meaning of this year's slogan and offers access to the poster and brochure for World TB Day 2004 and the accompanying year-long campaign. The goal for 2004-2005 is to reach the general public via mass media. This materials are put at the disposal of the public for education and consciousness-raising purposes.
tb2004.htm
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Status of TB Operations (Region of the Americas, 2004)
This presentation of 13 slides—including tables, graphs and maps—summarizes the current status of operations to fight tuberculosis in the Americas up to 2004, the extension and the DOTS/TAES Strategy, and its respective accomplishments and challenges.
PowerPoint
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 11—18 March 2004
This issue offers updates on avian influenza (in Asia, the USA, and Canada; and announcement of regional workshop in the Americas on integrated surveillance of and response to acute respiratory diseases); Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS); and West Nile Virus (WNV) in Belize.
eid-eer-18-mar-2004.htm
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Memorandum of Understanding between the American National Red Cross and the Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization concerning Program Collaboration for Tuberculosis Control
This Memorandum of Understanding between The American Red Cross and PAHO will serve to provide a framework for continuing collaboration on community-based tuberculosis-control activities.
tb-arc-memo-understanding.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 10—11 March 2004
This issue contains updates on the situation of avian influenza in Asia, the USA, and Canada, as well as on the outbreak of Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF) in Colombia and the possible threat of the reurbanization of the disease in urban centers of the Americas.
eid-eer-11-mar-2004.htm
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Influenza
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on the influenza virus (flu virus). The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a customized sidebar with links to key items.
influenza.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 9—4 March 2004
This issue contains updates on the situation of avian influenza in Asia, the USA, and Canada, as well as on the status of the current revision of the International Health Regulations (IHRs) and activities being conducted in this regard.
eid-eer-04-mar-2004.htm
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Third Joint Meeting of the Networks for Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 26-28 February 2004)
The objectives of this yearly meeting were (a) to present and discuss subregional activities carried out by the EID surveillance networks; and (2)
to identify commitments and activities for the period 2004/2005, taking into account the guidelines of the plans of action of each one of them. This page provides the executive summary and access to the 124-page report in PDF, with links to the individual chapters.
eer-atl-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 8—26 February 2004
This issue contains updates on avian influenza and the outbreak of diarrheic disease from rotavirus in El Salvador.
eid-eer-26-feb-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 7—19 February 2004
This week's updates focus on the progress of the epizoontic of avian influenza in Asia and on the recent outbreak of diarrheic rotavirus disease in Guatemala.
eid-eer-19-feb-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 6—12 February 2004
This issue provides updated information on the recent outbreak of avian influenza (bird flu) in Asian countries, compiling information by country in a data table and including links to WHO guidelines for global surveillance of avian influenza A (H5N1) as well as a clinical and epidemiological descripción and other information sources.
eid-eer-12-feb-2004.htm
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Guidelines for Malaria Control Recommended by WHO Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Department, January 2004
This page links to the WHO documents that make up its recommended guidelines for malaria control and treatment. These guidelines can also be used for preparing proposals on malaria for submission to the 4th Round of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM).
mal-control-guideline-sites-who.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 4—29 January 2004
This issue offers information on the cholera outbreak in Zamora Chinchipie province, Ecuador, as well as the present situation involving human cases of avian influenza in Asia, with the corresponding WHO recommendations.
eid-eer-29-jan-2004.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 2—15 January 2004
This issue is focused on the recent outbreak of Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) in Humans and Poultry in Viet Nam.
eid-eer-15-jan-2004.htm
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Hantavirus
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on Hantavirus. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
hantavirus.htm
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Smallpox
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on smallpox, a disease erradicated in the 20th century only to emerge as a biological threat in the 21st. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
variola.htm
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Anthrax
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on anthrax, a zoonotic disease that has emerged as a biological threat in the 21st century. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
anthrax.htm
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Salmonella
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on Salmonella, a bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
salmonella.htm
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Shigella
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on Shigella, a bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotics. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
Shigella.htm
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Weekly Epidemiological Bulletins (by subregion, country, corresponding network and website)
This site offers links to weekly epidemiological reports published in most of the countries of the Region or by subregional networks.
eer-epi-info.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 1—8 January 2004
This issue offers outbreak information on the epizootic in Los Besotes Ecological Park in Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia, and of the confirmed SARS case in Guangdong as well as the second suspected SARS case recently reported there.
eid-eer-08-jan-2004.htm
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Tuberculosis
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on tuberculosis, organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also lists featured items for all categories containing the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing links to information systems, frequently requested items, upcoming events, etc.
tuberculosis.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 26 - 31 December 2003
This issue offers up-to-date information on a suspected SARS case in southern China and the first confirmed case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (mad cow disease) in the USA.
eid-eer-31-dec-2003.htm
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Guidelines for Implementing Collaborative TB and HIV Programme Activities
The main aim of the guidelines is to enable the central units of national TB and HIV/AIDS programmes to support districts to plan, coordinate and implement collaborative TB/HIV activities. The guidelines are intended for countries with either an overlapping TB and HIV epidemic or where there is an increasing HIV rate which may fuel the TB epidemic. This page offers a summary of the guide and access to the full text on the WHO website.
tb-hiv-coll-guidelines-who.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol.1, No. 24—24 December 2003
This issue offers up-to-date information on measles in the Americas.
eid-eer-24-dec-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 23—18 December 2003
This issue offers up-to-date information on Yellow fever in the Americas, SARS in Taiwan, West Nile Virus in Mexico, and the Fifth Conference on West Nile Virus in the United States.
eid-eer-18-dec-2003.htm
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International Health Regulations: Working Paper for Regional Consultations
Since 1995, WHO has been working on a revision of the International Health Regulations that would address the ever-changing unpredictable problem of the international spread of disease. WHO has now produced a working paper containing a preliminary draft of the proposed revisions. During the first half of 2004, national governments and international bodies will carefully review this draft. The results of this review will form the basis of an amended draft to be put to an International Working Group (IGWG) planned for November 2004. At this IGWG, Member States will be asked to endorse a final draft to be presented to the World Health Assembly in 2005 for adoption.
WHO
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 22—11 December 2003
This issue focuses on outbreaks information on influenza in Tocantins, Brazil; severe acute respiratory disease in Colombia; detection of the H9N2 influenza virus in Hong Kong; and a technical note on an epizootic event in Brazil.
eid-eer-11-dec-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 21—4 December 2003
This issue offers updated information on the 2003-2004 Flu Season in North America; Circulation of Human Metapneumovirus in the United States could complicate management of respiratory infections this winter; Call for Abstracts, International Conference of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta 2004: Deadline Extended.
eid-eer-04-dec-2003.htm
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Position of WHO's Roll Back Malaria Department on Malaria Treatment Policy
This WHO position paper outlines its current policy and recommendations regarding malaria treatment, including the drugs used and how it approaches the issue of multidrug resistance (MDR) in developing countries.
mal-who-position-paper.htm
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Cost of Hospital Infection in Nine Countries of Latin America
This page provides a two-page summary (and access to the full 184-page e-book in Spanish) of the newly published book containing twelve articles from nine countries on the phenomenon of nosocomial (hospital) infections, a problem threatening the public health of the Region. The annex includes the protocol used to determine the cost of hospital-acquired infections for the country's health-care system.
eer-amr-costo-infec-nosocomial.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 20—19 November 2003
This week's issue offers updated information on influenza in the Americas (USA and Canada), the outbreak of Hepatitis A in the United States, and West Nile Virus (WNV) in the Americas (USA and Mexico), as well as a table with links to the main electronic sources for epidemiological information in the countries of the Americas.
eid-eer-19-nov-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 19—12 November 2003
This issue provides updated information on influenza in the Americas (USA, Canada, and Argentina), a WHO update on progress made towards developing a SARS vaccine, and yellow fever in the Americas (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela).
eid-eer-12-nov-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 18—6 November 2003
This issue focuses on influenza outbreaks in the Americas, provides access to the WHO document resulting from the recent meeting on SARS and laboratories, and announces the IIIrd Biannual Meeting of Subregional Emerging-Disease Surveillance Networks.
eid-eer-06-nov-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 17—30 October 2003
This issue reports on recent outbreaks of influenza and West Nile Virus (WNV) in several countries in the Region.
eid-eer-30-oct-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 16—23 October 2003
This issue overs up-to-date information on the most recent developments regarding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome /SARS (WHO Consensus Document on SARS Epidemiology, WHO meetings in Geneva) and the outbreak of West Nile Virus (WNV) in the USA and Canada.
eid-eer-23-oct-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 15—16 October 2003
This issue overs up-to-date outbreak information on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the USA and Canada and equine encephalitis in Venezuela.
eid-eer-16-oct-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 14—9 October 2003
This issues provides updates information on Jungle Yellow Fever in Latin America and West Nile Virus (WNV) in the Americas.
eid-eer-09-oct-2003.htm
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Practical Guide for in vivo Antimalarial Drug-Efficacy Studies in the Americas (RAVREDA-AMI, revised version, October 2003)
Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs is one of the most serious challenges facing national malaria control programs in the Americas. While in vivo drug-efficacy studies do not require sophisticated technology, they are not simple to conduct correctly. They require a well-trained and experienced clinical and laboratory team that closely follows the study protocol. The purpose of this guide, which is based on recent experiences with antimalarial drug efficacy studies in South America, was to complement to the WHO guidelines and standardized protocols. It is hoped that this guide, together with the generic protocols, will contribute to the successful implementation of in vivo studies and a surveillance system for antimalarial drug resistance in the Americas.
guia-practica.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 13—2 October 2003
This issue provides updated information on conjunctivitis in Guatemala, El Salvador and Mexico and on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
eid-eer-02-oct-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 12—25 September 2003
This issue offers updated information on the recent outbreaks of hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Central America and the Caribbean and SARS in Singapore.
eid-eer-25-sep-2003.htm
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Integrated Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control
This 16-slide PowerPoint presentation unveils PAHO's new integrated strategy for approaching dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), both an emerging menace to public health in the Region. It was presented at the 44th PAHO Directing Council in September 2003 and is related to Resolution CD44r9 passed on this occasion.
PowerPoint
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CD44.R6: Primary Health Care in the Americas: Lessons Learned over 25 Years and Future Challenges
This resolution from the 44th PAHO Directing Council in 2003, taking into consideration the Declaration of Alma-Ata and past PAHO resolutions, sets forth the mandate of improving the quality of primary care in the Americas: more equitable access to health services, improved surveillance and information systems in this context, improved training for healthcare workers, a health promotion approach, better policy implementation, local community-based approaches and models, working towards the Millennium Development Goals, etc.
CD44.R6
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Agreements: Workshop on Tuberculosis Control in Prisons (San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 11-13 August 2003)
This page offers the 11 key points for a Joint Action Plan among the authorities from each of the participating countries to try to deal with the growing problem of TB infection among prisoners.
tb-prisons-acuerdos.htm
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Workshop on TB/HIV Co-Infection (San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 14-15 August 2003)
This page offers the agenda, a summary, and access to a WHO presentation used at the meeting and various WHO references and sites. Participating in this Workshop were representatives from various Central American and Caribbean countries, with other countries of the Region invited to present and share their experiences. The Spanish version includes is the document containing the comprehensive-care guidelines for people living with TB-HIV and all 12 Powerpoint presentations. (PAHO presentations to be translated into English by end of September 2003.
tb-hiv-hon-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 10—12 September 2003
This issue offers the latest information on the outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Palm Beach, Florida; the Yellow Fever situation in the Americas; and the current situation of West Nile Virus (WNV) in the Americas.
eid-eer-12-sep-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 9—4 September 2003
This issue provides information on recent outbreaks of P. vivax malaria in San Juan del Oro, Peru, and of West Nile Virus in the United States and Canada.
eid-eer-04-sep-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 8—28 August 2003
This issue provides information on recent outbreaks of Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF) in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela; West Nile Virus in the United States and Canada; and severe respiratory illness in British Colombia, Canada.
eid-eer-28-aug-2003.htm
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IIIrd Meeting of the Coordinating Committee of the Central American Network for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (RECACER) (Panama City, Panama, 21–22 August 2003)
The objectives of this meeting were to examine the progress made by the countries of the subregion in the area of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (EIDs); update knowledge on EIDs; and strengthen working ties between countries of the region to successfully face communicable diseases, especially EIDs. This page offers a summary and a link to the final report in Spanish.
eer-recacer-2003.htm
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Antimicrobial Resistance
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on antimicrobial resistance (i.e. bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics). The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
antimicrob.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 7—21 August 2003
This issue offers updated information on the gastroenteritis outbreak in Jamaica and the Meeting of the Coordinating Committee of the Central American Network of Emerging and Reemerging Diseases (RECACER).
eid-eer-21-aug-2003.htm
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Reflections on TB/HIV and MDR
This 34-slide PowerPoint presentation was given in Honduras at the Workshop on TB/HIV Co-Infection in August 2003. It discusses the increased risk that people living with HIV/AIDS have of contracting the lethal form of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as preventive methods and methodological problems that arise in survey measurements.
PowerPoint
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Guidelines for the Surveillance of HIV among Tuberculosis Patients
This 13-slide Powerpoint presentation focuses on the relevance of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating epidemiological information of sufficient reliability and coverage with respect to the distribution and spread of HIV infection. This information is vital for planning, executing and monitoring of HIV/AIDS prevention and control activities.
WHO
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 6—14 August 2003
This issue contains information on the outbreaks of acute respiratory illness in British Colombia, Canada; yellow fever (YF) in Peru; and West Nile Virus (WNV) in the USA and Mexico.
eid-eer-14-aug-2003.htm
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International Workshop on Tuberculosis Control in Prisons (San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 11-13 August 2003)
The PAHO Regional Program on Tuberculosis, in collaboration the the Gorgas TB Initiative (University of Alabama at Birmingham), is holding a workshop on tuberculosis control in prisons/penitentiaries targeted at prison wardens and heads of national TB programs in Central American and Caribbean countries. Other countries of the Region participated to share their experiences. This page offers a summary and access to ten PowerPoint presentations and other resources.
tb-prisons-hon-2003.htm
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Tuberculosis and Prisons
This 47-slide PowerPoint presentation provides a Regional overview of the situation of TB among prisoners: how it spreads, why this groups is at particular high risk, TB and HIV, treatment strategies, data tables, maps, etc.
PowerPoint
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Tuberculosis and HIV in Prisons
This 14-slide PowerPoint presentation gives an overview of the current deadly mixture of TB and HIV and how the prison population is especially at risk: prevalence data, tables, maps, and what is being done to fight the epidemic.
PowerPoint
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 5—8 August 2003
This issue provides the most recent information on the outbreaks of pneumonia in El Salvador, West Nile Virus in the USA, yellow fever in the Americas, and food poisoning on an international flight (Lima-Dallas).
eid-eer-08-aug-2003.htm
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International Symposium on Leptospira and Leptospirosis in the Americas (Mexico City, 2-4 February 2004)
This symposium, sponsored by PAHO, the Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PANAFTOSA), IICA and the Mexican Secretary of Health, focuses on the morphology, structure and molecular biology of the disease; its epidemiology in humans and animals; its pathogeny; its clinical symptoms; diagnostics and treatment; prevention and control; and advances in research. It offers meetings and round-table discussions. The conference will be held in Spanish.
PANAFTOSA
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
SARS, an atypical pneumonia of unknown aetiology, was recognized at the end of February 2003. The World Health Organization is co-ordinating the international investigation with the assistance of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network and is working closely with health authorities in the affected countries to provide epidemiological, clinical and logistical support as required.
SARS_info.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 4—31 July 2003
This issues focuses on pneumonia in El Salvador and West Nile Virus (VNO) in the USA and Canada.
eid-eer-31-jul-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 3—24 July 2003
This issue contains updates on pneumonia in El Salvador; Hantavirus in Panama; West Nile Virus in USA; icterohemorrhagic disease in Peru; preparations of the Southern Cone Countries in the event of an influenza pandemic; IIIrd Scientific Congress of the Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Present and Future of Medicine in the Tropics (Panama, August 2003).
eid-eer-24-jul-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 2—17 July 2003
This issue focuses on cases of Jungle Yellow Fever in the Americas and the outbreak on Colombia, on West Nile Virus in the USA and Mexico, on latest developments with SARS and case information from the USA, on the Call for Abstracts for the International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004, and on a note to readers of this newsletter on its main link and e-mail for contact with the outside.
eid-eer-17-jul-2003.htm
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EID Weekly Updates: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 1, No. 1—10 July 2003
This issue contains updates on the following topics: SARS; Columbian outbreaks of Jungle Yellow Fever and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis; First human case of West Nile Virus in the USA; new PAHO papers on influenza and antimicrobial resistance; PAHO PowerPoint presentations on cholera, monkeypox, and West Nile virus, and SARS training modules on preventing hospital infection.
eid-eer-10-jul-2003.htm
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WHO, List of Links on Communicable Diseases (by topic)
This list of links gives the user direct access to the main WHO pages on the various communicable diseases or on themes related to them.
cd-who-links.htm
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West Nile Virus
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on West Nile Virus. The documents are organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar containing frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
wnv.htm
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Cholera (Region of the Americas, 1991-2002)
This eight-slide PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the current situation of cholera in the Americas, with tables, graphs, maps and summary information.
PowerPoint
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SARS: Global Alert, Global Response
This presentation of eight PowerPoint slides outlines how vital the global alert and response was in containing the worldwide SARS epidemic, how SARS is transmitted, its economic effects, and lessons learned for future application.
PowerPoint
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West Nile Virus in Latin America and the Caribbean
This presentation of seven PowerPoint slides provides an update on the regional situation of West Nile Virus in the Region of the Americas, containing maps and the latest prevention and control strategies.
PowerPoint
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Status of the Monkeypox (MPXV) Outbreak in the United States
This presentation of 14 PowerPoint slides, complete with illustrations and maps, provides an overview of the monkeypox epidemic in the United States.
PowerPoint
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SARS: Developing a Research Response
On 30 May 2003, PAHO/WHO participated in at the above meeting held at the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIAID) in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. This all-day scientific workshop addressed research needs on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The workshop featured international experts in the fields of coronavirus biology, vaccine development, antiviral drug development, laboratory diagnosis, SARS epidemiology, etiology, and clinical management. This link provides access to proceedings of the meeting, including presentations, reports, and a video.
NIH/NIAID
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Warning!!!!Two new varieties of fake artesunate are being sold in mainland Asia ...
This notice, distributed at the request of WHO and a product of its Roll Back Malaria collaborative efforts in Asia, meant to be posted in health-care facilities and downloadable as such, provides the key features to aid in identifying fake Guilin Pharma artesunate blisterpack holograms, as opposed to the genuine blisterpacks. Blisterpacks with fake holograms contain no artesunate and are therefore potentially lethal when used to treat P. falciparum malaria. These counterfeit drugs have the potential of worldwide distribution, hence WHO's request to publish this announcement on the PAHO web to warn the Americas of this risk.
mal-fake-artesunate.pdf
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Cholera
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on cholera, organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar with links to similar PAHO materials, frequently requested items, and announcements of upcoming events and/or new books.
cholera.htm
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SARS: Developing a Research Response (30 May 2003, NIH/NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA)
In order to address research needs on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), PAHO/WHO participated together with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, USA, in an all-day scientific workshop at the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. The workshop featured international experts in the fields of coronavirus biology, vaccine development, antiviral drug development, laboratory diagnosis, SARS epidemiology, etiology and clinical management. This page provides a link to the NIH site with the presentations made at the workshop.
NIH
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WHA56.R29: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Resolution of the World Health Assembly
This resolution was adopted on 28 May 2003 and contains a series of recommendations to countries and official bodies on how to deal with the epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
sars-wha56r29.pdf
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Annual Regional Report from Countries Participating in the Network for Monitoring and Surveillance of Resistance to Antibiotics (2002 data) (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 10–13 May 2003)
As part of the body of knowledge needed to combat the development of resistance to antimicrobials, since 1997 19 countries of the Region have been part of a network that makes yearly reports on the percentages of resistance to enteric bacteria found in the community and in hospitals. This report provides the data from 2002, by country, with maps, tables, and figures.
amr-2002.htm
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Master Infection Control Presentation: Infection Control Measures to Prevent Hospital Transmission (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/SARS)
This six-part course in PDF copies of PowerPoint slides was prepared by the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WHO/WPRO) with the objective of training hospital personnel in the proper prevention and control procedures for SARS, both for their own protection and to prevent hospital transmission. Sections include clinical management, personal protection equipment, scrubbing hands, patient management and transport, laboratory procedures, educating the public, and laundry and disinfection guidelines. The link to WPRO presentations appears on the PAHO web to facilitate distribution and use among hospital staff in the English-speaking countries of the Americas.
HTML
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IVth Meeting of the Southern Cone Surveillance Network for Emerging/Reemerging Infectious Diseases (Santiago, Chile, 14–16 April 2003)
This meeting involved the partication of experts from the Ministries of Health and academic institutions of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay; the US Department of Defense; and PAHO. The objective was to present and discuss topics of special interest to the area of EIO surveillance. Activites included evaluations of the level of compliance with commitments made; integration proposals for different subregional networks and activities involving global health security; surveillance of specific diseases; evaluation of the capacity of national reference laboratories; laboratory accreditation; and country reports. This page offers a summary with a link to the final report in Spanish.
eer-cs-2003.htm
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IVth Meeting of the Surveillance Network for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases in the Amazon Region (Belém, Pará, Brazil, 15–18 March 2003)
Participants in the meeting included staff from the Ministries of Health and academic institutions of the Amazon Countries; USAID; CDC; NMRCD; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); NMRCD; and PAHO/WHO. Objective: To report on and discuss topics of special interest regarding EID surveillance in the subregion. The participating countries reported on the current EID situation and on the fulfillment of the commitments made at the joint 2002 meeting in Atlanta, reviewed EID events detected during the past year and issued recommendations for 2003-2004 based on identified needs and established priorities. This page offers the abstract and recommendations and provides access to the executive summary and final report.
eer-amazonas-2003.htm
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Pan American Health Organization's Proposed Contribution to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) / Latin America and Caribbean Bureau's Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI): Project Proposal and Workplans for Years 2 & 3 (March 2003)
This proposal describes the activities and related budget for the AMI project to be implemented over the two-year period of 2003-2004 and to be completed by September 30, 2004. It provides access to the workplans for regional and national activities as well as for the organizations working together in the project. The page provides access to a summary, the full-text report, and the individual workplans.
mar03-paho-ami-2.htm
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Central American Network for the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Diseases (RECACER)
In 2001, following several high-level health-sector meetings, the countries of the Central American subregion identified the need for structuring and/or strengthening national early warning and rapid-response systems. Thus was created the Central American Network for the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Diseases (RECACER). This page serves as a fact sheet on RECACER and provides access to the Network meeting reports.
recacer.htm
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Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing
This is the 7th WHO annual report on global TB control. It includes data on case notifications and treatment outcomes from all national control programmes that have reported to WHO, together with an analysis of plans, finances, and constraints on DOTS expansion for 22 high-burden countries (HBCs). This page also provides access to the reports from previous years.
WHO
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Malaria Rapid Diagnosis—Making It Work: Informal Consultation on Field Trials and Quality Assurance on Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Early, rapid diagnosis of malaria is gaining increasing importance in health programmes in endemic countries in response to increasing drug costs and recognition of the importance of early, correct treatment to the reduction in malaria morbidity and mortality. This WHO consultation reviews progress in the development of malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) quality assurance (QA) and aimed to define an appropriate path for further QA development and clarify priorities for further research necessary to guide the large-scale use of RDTs.
mal-rapid-diagnosis-who.htm
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Tuberculosis: Number of Cases and AFB (+), Reduction Rate (Region of the Americas, by country and year, 2001–2002)
This table shows the incidence of TB and AFB (+) in the countries of the Americas for 2001 and 2002, along with the case-reduction rate in percentage.
tb-americas-2001-2002.doc
tb-americas-2001-2002.pdf
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TB Control in Prisons: A Manual for Programme Managers
The objective of this manual is to provide a practical tool for health workers considering embarking on TB control programs in prisons, covering structural and administrative, as well as medical issues. It is meant as an applicable tool for TB specialists who may have little knowledge of the prison context, as well as for for prison health professionals who may have less specialized knowledge of TB. It is primarily designed for use in settings where there is a high incidence of TB and limited resources. This page offers a summary with contents and access to the full text.
tb-who-manual.htm
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Model for a Clinical Handbook for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Antimicrobial substances are those either produced by microorganisms (antibiotics produced by bacteria, fungi or actinomicetos) or chemically synthesized (sulfa drugs, quinolones) that have the capacity to destroy, impede, or delay the multiplication of others microorganisms. In medical practice, both are called “antibiotics.” Antibiotic therapy is used to treat patients showing symptoms and clinical signs of infection. This guide was produced in Spanish for use in Latin American countries; this page includes a summary in English and access to the full text in Spanish.
guia-clinica.htm
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WHO Disease Outbreak News
This link provides access to the latest WHO updates and archives on disease outbreaks throughout the world.
WHO
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West Nile Virus Fact Sheet
This two-page fact sheet summarizes the basic facts about this emerging infectious disease: where it started, how it is spreading, its reservoirs and vectors, risks to humans, and recommendations for prevention and control. (PAHO document OPS/HCP/HCT/222/2002)
wnv-info.htm
wnv-info.doc
wnv-info.pdf
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Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention and Control of West Nile Virus (13 September 2002)
Due to the threatened spread of West Nile virus to the countries of the Region, the Program on Communicable Diseases has summarized some general guidelines as PAHO's recommendations on the surveillance of this disease, based on the proceedings and discussion in the "West Nile Virus Surveillance Workshop" organized by PAHO at CAREC in Trinidad and Tobago from 29 April to 3 May 2002. The guidelines’ objective is to timely detect West Nile virus activity in reservoir populations and vectors in order to institute the appropriate measures in terms of enhanced surveillance, transmission and vector control, as well as mass communication. (PAHO Document OPS/HCP/HCT/221/2002)
wnv-guidelines.htm
wnv-guidelines.doc
wnv-guidelines.pdf
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Regional Meeting of National Tuberculosis Control Program Heads (Havana, Cuba, 11-13 September 2002)
The objectives of this biannual meeting were to review of progress made in compliance with the recommendations of the Mexico meeting in September 2000; review the status of DOTS/TAES in the Region and the fulfillment of plans to expand the strategy in those countries that do not have total coverage (WHO Goals);
analyze relative aspects to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM); consolidate strategic partnerships with members for the plans to control TB; and discuss the Regional Strategic Plan for 2003-2004. This page contains an executive summary with access to the final report in Spanish, which contains a comprehensive series of tables and graphs.
tb-reunion-pnt-habana-2002.htm
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West Nile Virus: Related Sites
During 2002, West Nile virus, evidence of infections in birds, humans, mosquitoes, and other animals - primarily horses, has been documented in 41 states and the District of Columbia. This page provides access to other sites offering further information (WHO, CDC, USDA, etc.) in the United States.
related-sites-west-nile.htm
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West Nile Virus in the United States: Update
As of 29 August 2002, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Arthropod Borne Viruses - Western Hemisphere, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported 638 human cases of the West Nile virus, with 31 deaths occurring in 27 states and the District of Columbia. Latest WHO report.
WHO
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Hurrying Toward Disaster?
This article describes how new, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in the context of globalization, population growth and alterations to ecological systems can affect global health, and how we must prepare to combat them.
Perspectives in Health
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Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
This page offers the user a panoramic view of all PAHO materials on Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), organized according to the following categories: surveillance, prevention and control, PAHO activities, Other PAHO Materials, and General Information/Links. It also contains a listing of featured items for all categories with the most important documents from each, and a side bar with links, frequently requested items, upcoming events, and/or new books.
chagas.htm
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List of Participants: 4th Meeting of the Emerging Disease Surveillance Network of the Southern Cone (Asunción, Paraguay, 30 May—1 June 2001)
This list of experts in emerging and reemerging diseases in the Southern Cone (and also of the attending CDC and PAHO area specialists) is included for networking and exchange purposes.
paraguay-red-junio-2001-parts.htm
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Annual Regional Meeting of Countries Participating in the Monitoring/Surveillance Network on Resistance to Antibiotics (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, 17-19 April 2002)
As part of the knowledge necessary to combat the development of antimicrobial resistance, since 1997 20 countries in the Region have formed a network that reports annually on the percentages of resistance to enteric bacterias. Since 2000, surveillance has expanded to other species found in communities and in hospitals. This page offers an executive summary and a link to the full-text document in Spanish containing the country reports.
amr-santa-cruz.htm
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First Technical Coordination Meeting of the Amazonian Network for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance (RAVREDA) and the Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI) (Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 19-20 March 2002)
This meeting was attended by representatives from PAHO, WHO, USAID and CDC and the eight Amazon countries that make up the surveillance network and participate in the AMI project. This page offers the full-text conference report as well as links to other relevant documentation.
reunion2002.htm
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2nd Joint Meeting of the Surveillance Network for Emerging Diseases in the Amazon and Southern Cone Regions (Atlanta, 23-24 March 2002)
Rapidly-spreading diseases from the group known as emerging infectious diseases require surveillance systems endowed with great sensibility allowing for immediate action to impede outbreak propogation or to control epidemics. In this context, a new paradigm of global cooperation has been established, where the objective is to reach common goals, work as a team, maintain a constant channel of communication, and know how to detect abnormalities.
This page offers PDF access to the full-text conference report, with country reports and disease recommendations organized separately.
redes-eer-atl-2002.htm
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List of Participants, First Technical Meeting of First Technical Coordination Meeting of the Amazonian Network for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance (RAVREDA) and the Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI) (Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 19-20 March 2002)
This list of experts involved in antimalarial drug resistance in the Amazon countries is included for networking and exchange purposes.
sc-participantes.htm
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Executive Report: Subregional Meeting of the Central American Network for the Prevention and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Diseases (RECACER) (Costa Rica, 21–22 February 2002)
This five-page report provides the 2002 update on the RECACER Network. The objectives of this second meeting were to share advancements made by the National Technical Groups for national and subregional capacity-building in the area of the surveillance, prevention and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases; to review the activities and results of actions developed by the subregional component of the Post-Mitch project insofar as it relates to emerging and reemerging diseases; and to formulate a follow-up agenda for the RECACER Network Coordinating Committee.
recacer-cor-2002.doc
recacer-cor-2002.pdf
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Monitoring Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Report of a WHO Consultation
The objectives of this consultation were to review and update WHO protocols for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission and low to moderate transmission; review the draft guidelines for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for vivax malaria; review the role of in vitro tests and current methods for detecting molecular markers in the surveillance of resistance to antimalarial drugs; and define the technical and operational elements needed for strengthening surveillance of drug resistance of both falciparum and vivax malaria at country level. This link goes to the full-text report at the WHO site, complete with executive summary.
WHO
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Antimicrobial Resistance Bibliography
This comprehensive bibliography on antimicrobial resistance, produced by the PAHO Program on Communicable Diseases with funding from USAID, covers all information on the subject found in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases. This document tells how to offer the free CD with multimedia materials and database, and also offers access to the 769-page book in downloadable PDF files with embedded links.
antimicrob-bib.htm
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WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance increasingly threatens the success of infectious disease treatment and prevention in the 21st century. To respond to this threat, WHO has developed the first Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Addressed to policy-makers and managers in a range of sectors and agencies, the Strategy aims to both persuade governments to take urgent action and then to guide this action with expert technical and practical advice.
amr-link-who-site.htm
OMS
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Pan American Health Organization's Proposed Contribution to the United States Agency for International Development / Latin America and Caribbean Bureau Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI): Project Proposal and Workplans for Year One (2002)
This document lays out the agreement between PAHO and USAID for the collaboration between RAVREDA, the Amazonian Network for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, and the Amazon Malaria Initiative. It provides access to the regional and country workplans for the eight countries involved as foreseen for the first year (2002), as well as the full-text proposal.
paho-ami.htm
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4th Meeting of the Emerging Disease Surveillance Network of the Southern Cone (Asunción, Paraguay, 30 May—1 June 2001)
The movement of people throughpout the world currently constitutes an important risk factor for diseases spreading from one place to another. It requires both organization and communication to confront the ever-growing threat of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (EID)in the Region. The objectives of this meeting were to renew contacts and maintain communication among laboratories, generate minimal information, identify areas in need of strengthening, plan the future and incorporate other illnesses or problems that require attention or prioritization, and design prevention and control strategies. This page offers access to the recommendations as well as the full-text conference report in PDF, with instant access to individual country and disease data.
paraguay-red-junio-2001.htm
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Strengthening National and Subregional Capabilities for the Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (San Salvador, 7-9 May 2001)
This six-page document summarizes the recommendations of the national directors of epidemiology and public-health laboratory services of all Central American countries, Haiti and the Dominican Republic who participated at a Subregional Meeting on Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, 7-9 May 2001, in San Salvador, El Salvador, organized by PAHO’s Communicable Diseases Program, Division of Disease Prevention and Control. PAHO’s participants included advisers from Communicable Diseases, Laboratories, Vaccines and Immunizations, Health Analysis and Human Resources programs and from the Assistant Director’s Office.
recacer-els-2001.doc
recacer-els-2001.pdf
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Third Meeting of the Surveillance Network for Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Amazon Countries--Monitoring Resistance to Antimalarial Drugs: Treatment Policies (Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; 9-11 March 2001)
This meeting of the Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI)--a joint endeavor of PAHO/WHO, USAID and CDC--involved the participation of public-health professionals, representatives of international institutions and governmental cooperation agencies. Activities included (a) analysis of antimalarial drug policy and the current state of resistance to the drugs in the respective countries; (b) discussion of aspects of syndromic surveillance; (c) discussion of importance of regulating reagents and quality control to confirm suspected clinical cases; (d) description of regional activities promoting surveillance of antibiotic resistance. The full text of the document is offered here along with a summary and the recommendations.
reunion2001.htm
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List of Participants: Third Meeting of the Network for the Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Amazon Countries (Bahia, Brasil, 9-11 March 2001)
This list, meant for networking and exchange purposes, provides contact information for the international experts of the Amazon Malaria Initiative (AMI), a joint PAHO-USAID-CDC project with the eight countries involved as part of the WHO global strategy, Roll Back Malaria. The focus of this group is on resistance to antimalarial drugs.
participantes.htm
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Annual Regional Meeting of Countries Participating in the Network for Monitoring/Surveillance of Resistance to Antibiotics (Asunción, Paraguay, 31 January–February 2001)
This HTML page offers the executive summary of and recommendations from the conference in English, with a link to the Spanish page containing the full-text document (138 pages, in PDF) with glossary, country data, performance and laboratory evaluations, quality-control systems, list of participants, bibliography, etc.
amr-resultados-2000.htm
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List of Participants (by country, and PAHO): Annual Regional Meeting of the Countries Participating in the Network for Monitoring/Surveillance of Resistance to Antibiotics (Asunción, Paraguay, 31 January–2 February 2001)
This list of regional experts in the area of antimicrobial resistance is included on the PAHO web for networking and exchange purposes. It provides full contact information, with e-mail in most cases.
amr-participantes.htm
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Roll Back Malaria in Meso America: Report of the Meeting Held in the Dominican Republic with the Participation of Central American Countries, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic (San Pedro de Macorís, 20-24 November 2000)
The main themes of this meeting were to introduce the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) initiative in Meso America, review the current malaria situation and prepare country work plans. This page contains access to the full-text technical report, including country data and plans organized separately by country, 16 color maps and graphs, subregional and national conclusions and recommendations, and the list of participants (all downloadable in PDF).
rbm-mesoamerica.htm
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Cooperative Agreement to the Pan American Health Organization to initiate the Post Hurricane Reconstruction of the Public Healthcare System in Central America
The following project proposal has been prepared in response to the United States Department of Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Program Announcement 00021: Post Hurricane Reconstruction of the Public Health-Care System in Central America and the Caribbean. The proposal is aimed at providing assistance to rebuild or strengthen national and subregional health systems which will facilitate prevention and control of morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases.
CDC_Final_Proposal1.doc
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Malaria: Epidemiological Map by Risk Levels for Eight Countries of the Rainforest Region of South America
The maps cover Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. Data was presented at the Roll Back Malaria meeting in Cartagena (August 2000) and is based on 1999 figures.
maps-cartagena.htm
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The Roll Back Malaria Initiative in the Rainforest Region of South America (Cartagena, Colombia, August 2000)
Nine countries attended this meeting: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. The objectives of the meeting were (1) to evaluate and to discuss the implementation of Roll Back Malaria (RBM) action plans; (2) discuss the establishment of national technical support groups through linkage between national researchers and malaria control staff; and (3) establish and reinforce RBM inter-country co-operative programs. This page offers access to the full-text conference report, with instant access to individual country reports and chapters, as well as epidemiological maps.
cartagena.htm
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Report: Third Meeting of the Surveillance Networks for Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Amazon and Southern Cone Regions--Atlanta, Georgia,15-16 July 2000
The aim of this meeting was to promote the enhancement of emerging infectious diseases (EID) surveillance networks of the Amazon and Southern Cone (SC) regions. Participants represented their respective countries’ epidemiology and laboratory units of their disease surveillance system--thus promoting coordination and collaboration among them. The integration of epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis is critical for the strengthening of each region’s disease surveillance network. For the first time, a representative from the Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) attended a meeting of this kind. This page offers access to the Executive Summary and full-text conference report.
atlanta_july2000.htm
atlanta_july2000.doc
atlanta_july2000.pdf
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WHO Report on Infectious Diseases: Overcoming Microbial Resistance
On this radio page put out by WHO for broadcasting purposes are a wide-ranging selection of authoritative opinions about the WHO Report on Infectious Diseases "Overcoming Microbial Resistance".
WHO-antibiotic.htm
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Drains & You: A Manual for Drainage Maintenance Workers
This manual is useful not only for drainage workers engaged in cleaning and repairing secondary drains, working for ministries and local governments, but also for the general public in making them aware of the role drains play in public health and safety. In the latter sense, it serves as a social-communication tool to raise community awareness of the general public of domestic-sanitation issues and their effect on public health. This page offers the entire manual for field use, with chapters downloadable in PDF.
drains.htm
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CD41.R14: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance
On pages 25-26 of this final report of the 41st PAHO Directing Council in 1999, can be found the resolution on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, or resistance to antibiotics. This resolution constitutes the PAHO mandate for dealing with these diseases, recognizing the need for effective epidemic alert and response.
CD41.R14
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Second Meeting of a Surveillance Network for Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) in the Southern Cone Region (Brasilia, Brazil, 11-13 May 1999)
The goal of this second meeting was to continue efforts to establish a functional network of laboratories within the greater Southern Cone Region--Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay--capable to obtain accurate, high-quality laboratory results on new, emerging and re-emerging infections found in the Region.
brasilia.htm
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Second Meeting to Establish a Surveillance Network for Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) in the Amazon Region (Tarapoto, Peru, 14-16 April 1999)
The objectives of this second meeting were as follows: to continue efforts to create a functional network of laboratories in the greater Amazon Region, including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela; strengthen the capability to obtain accurate, high-quality surveillance results on EID; review and/or modify the plans prepared during the first meeting held in Manaus in 1998; describe the current status of EID in the countries; and discuss ongoing surveillance activities as well as possibilities for cooperation among participating countries and international reference laboratories. This page offers the executive summary and access to the 58-page report.
tarapoto.htm
tarapoto.doc
tarapoto.pdf
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Hantavirus in the Americas: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Control
This publication presents an extensive view of what came to be known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), its clinical manifestations, methods of preventing infection, and measures taken by governments in the Region to monitor hanta-viruses and educate health professionals and the general public about the disease. This comprehensive manual begins by describing the different hanta-viruses known in the Americas and their reservoirs, rodent ecology and zoology, and the epidemiology of human disease in the Region. this page provides access to the e-book in downloadable PDF files, with a link to the PAHO bookstore.
hantavirus-americas.htm
Bookstore
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Respiratory Infections in Children
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) represent one of the main health problems among children under five years of age. In the Region of the Americas, ARIs stand among the five main causes of death among children under five and are the main cause of sickness and doctor visits. This page offers a summary and access to the e-book containing 22 scholarly articles on this topic, in separate PDF files.
aiepi1.htm
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Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Americas: Strategic Plan for Surveillance of Resistance to Antibiotics
In light of the threat to public health posed by the growing problem of drug
resistance, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) convened an expert group meeting, which was held in Asunción, Paraguay, on 27-29 January 1999 (see List of Participants in Annex 6). The participants drafted a three-year program for addressing this problem in the Region. The program's resources will support interventions aimed at the control and prevention of antimicrobial resistance in the following countries: Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Peru. The document is available in MS Word (243 KB) and pdf (193 KB).
RegionalPlanParaguay.doc
RegionalPlanParaguay.pdf
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Healthy Homes, Healthy Communities: An Environmental Health Manual for Use by your Family and Community
Many people in communities have problems getting enough water for drinking, washing and keeping the home clean. Many people also do not know how mosquitoes can cause disease, how to get rid of garbage properly or what to do if there is a fire in the home or poisonous gases in the air. This manual, available in full text for grassroots use, helps people understand how unhealthy situations can aid the spread of diseases (for example, those transmitted by vectors, parasites or rodents). It shows which areas might require changes for healthier daily practices, or in preparing for an emergency or disaster.
healthy-homes.htm
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WHA51.17: Emerging and Other Communicable Diseases: Antimicrobial Resistance
In 1998, the 51st World Health Assembly adopted this resolution, setting forth the WHO global mandate for the fight against resistance to antibiotics as well as for adopting new approaches for dealing with emerging diseases. PAHO has adopted this mandate for the Americas.
amr-eer-wha51-17-eng.pdf
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Meeting to Establish a Network of Laboratories for the Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) in the Southern Cone Region: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 17-19 April 1998
The main goal of the meeting was to create a functional network of laboratories within the greater Southern Cone Region--Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay--capable of obtaining accurate, high-quality laboratory results on new, emerging and re-emerging infections found in the Region. This page summarizes the objectives and conclusions of the meeting and provides access to the full-text conference report.
doc429.htm
doc429.pdf
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Final Report: Meeting to Establish a Network of Laboratories for the Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) in the Amazon Region (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 9-11 February 1998)
The basic aim of this meeting was to create a functional network of laboratories within the greater Amazon Region, able to obtain accurate, high-quality laboratory results on new, emerging and reemerging infections found in the Region. This page offers access to a summary as well as the full-text conference report in PDF.
manaus.htm
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Perspectives in Health - Volume 1, Number 2, 1996
Magazine published twice a year by the Pan American Health Organization. This edition features the following articles: The Demerara Doctor - The Climate of Change: Omens for the Future - The Land of the Third Culture - A Childhood Stolen, A Society in Fear - The Daily Miracle - Big Wheel Surgery - Luís Fermín
Number2_index.htm
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Meeting of the Task Force on Surveillance for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (Toronto, 13-14 November 1996)
This document describes the meeting held to examine the conditions for surveillance, response and prevention of outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases in Latin America and to define priorities for technical cooperation. Priority areas for this were identified whereby stressing the need of implementing adequate surveillance systems to monitor public health problems. Anti-microbial drug resistance was considered one of the most alarming threats among other problems presented.
task_force_toronto.htm
TORONTO.doc
toronto.pdf
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 strategy, the global dengue surveillance network <i>Dengue-Net</i>, and its partnership with the <i>International Network of Eco-Clubs.</i><br><a href=/English/AD/DPC/CD/dengue-program-page.htm>dengue-program-page.htm</a>
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<b class='h5'><b><i>EID Weekly Updates: </b></i>Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas, Vol. 2, No. 21—24 June 2004</b><br>This week's issue focuses on a report confirming the circulation of West Nile Virus (WNV) in Puerto Rico, and on the current situation of Jungle Yellow Fever (JYF) in the Americas, with information on outbreaks in Peru and Bolivia.<br><a href=/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-24-jun-2004.htm>eid-eer-24-jun-2004.htm</a>
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<b class='h5'>Frequently Asked Questions on the Proposed Revision of the International Health Regulations (IHRs)</b><br>These 21 questions have been made available to the countries for the revision process of the International Health Regulations (IHRs) currently in progress. The revisions will be discussed and ratified during the upcoming World Health Assembly in May 2005.<br><a href=){kind=link}